The link between key systems and associated diseases.
| System / Area | Associated Diseases / Conditions |
|---|---|
| Dermatitis | Cataract, Retinal degeneration |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Oxidative stress contributes to the inflammatory processes and joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. |
| Hematometer | Leukemia, Septicaemia, Hyperlipidemia |
| The Digestive System | Gastritis, Stomach ulcer, Cancer of the stomach, Cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, Pancreatitis |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Oxidative stress plays a role in insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Complications such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy are linked to oxidative damage. |
| Circulatory system/ Respiratory organ | Myocardial infarction, artery hardening, pneumonia, angina |
| Connective-tissue system | Articular rheumatism, Auto-immune disease, Collagen disease |
| Respiratory Diseases | Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – oxidative stress from cigarette smoke and pollutants causes lung tissue damage. Asthma – ROS can worsen airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. |
The body utilizes Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) for several crucial functions when maintained in balance.
Redox Homeostasis: ROS are involved in maintaining the balance of reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions within cells. This balance is vital for normal cellular function and metabolism.
Detoxification: Certain levels of ROS are required for the activation of antioxidant defenses, which protect cells from oxidative damage.
Gene Expression: ROS influence the expression of genes involved in protective responses, such as antioxidant enzymes, heat shock proteins, and DNA repair enzymes.
Stem Cell Function: ROS are involved in the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation.
Catalase: Breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, preventing its conversion into more harmful radicals. Catalase is found in peroxisomes [web:2].
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): A water-soluble antioxidant that neutralizes ROS and regenerates other antioxidants, such as vitamin E [web:2].
Melatonin: Known for regulating sleep, melatonin also has antioxidant properties and helps protect cells from oxidative damage [web:2].
Chelation Therapy: Used to remove heavy metals like iron and copper, which can catalyze ROS formation through Fenton reactions [web:2].
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): Converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, acting as a first-line defense against oxidative stress [web:28].
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx): Reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, protecting cells from oxidative damage [web:37].
Nanotechnology: Nanoparticles can deliver antioxidants directly to tissues with high oxidative stress, improving bioavailability and targeted action [web:7][web:30].